1) All of the following statements about nosocomial candidemia are true except: a) The incidence of candidemia caused by albicans species has increased in       the period 1989-1999 while candidemia due to other candida species has declined. b) The most commonly isolated species is albicans. c) The incidence of candidemia increased in the period 1980-1990. d) The incidence of candidemia decreased in the period 1989-1999. 2-5) For each of the following statements numbered 2-5 regarding candida bloodstream infections in the past decade, select T (True) if the statement is true, and F (False) if the statement is false: 2) Most candidemia is associated with central lines among intensive care unit patients.     True   False 3) The rate of Candida glabrato bloodstream infections has increased.     True   False 4) Candida glabrata bloodstream infections are more common in the elderly.     True   False 5) Candida parapsilosis bloodstream infections are more common in the elderly.     True   False 6) Which of the following statements best characterizes the relative incidence of fungal infections after solid organ transplantation (Heart, Heart-Lung, Liver, and Kidney): a) Candida infections are the most common fungal infections after liver transplantation. b) Severe fungal infection is least likely to occur after kidney transplantation. c) Aspergillus infections are the most common fungal infections in heart transplantation. d) All of the above. 7-9) For each of the following statement regarding fungal infections in solid organ transplant recipients in the past decade, select T (True) if the statement is true, and F (False) if the statement is false: 7) The most common clinical presentation of candidiasis after liver transplantation is peritonitis.     True   False 8) Azole prophylaxis among solid organ transplantation patients has been associated with      an increasing incidence of antifungal resistance to azoles among candida species.     True   False 9) Azole prophylaxis after liver transplantation appears to be associated with      a decreased incidence of superficial and systemic fungal infections.     True   False 10) Which of the following mechanisms is implicated in antifungal resistance? a) Decreased drug uptake b) Increased efflux c) Altered targets d) Enzymatic inactivation e) All of the above 11) All of the following statements about antifungal resistance are true except: a) Candida albicans is generally susceptible to fluconazole while Candida krusei is not. b) Currently available (i.e., FDA approved) echinocandins appear less       active against aspergillus than the available azoles. c) Approved (by NCCLS) methods of antifungal susceptibility testing include       micro- and macrodilution techniques. d) None of the above. 12-14) For each of the following statements regarding prophylaxis or treatment of fungal infections, select T (True) if the statement is true, and F (False) if the statement is false: 12) Treatment of suspected invasive aspergillosis is problematic because of the lack of      a sensitive and specific diagnostic test.     True   False 13) The main tool currently available to prevent aspergillosis in immunocompromised hosts      is antifungal prophylaxis.     True   False 14) In the non-HIV setting, resistance of candida albicans to azoles does not appear to be      a major problem.     True   False 15) Which of the following is a drawback to antifungal prophylaxis? a) Development of antifungal drug resistance b) Toxicity c) Cost d) All of the above